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Remembering: What 50 Years of Research with Famous Amnesia Patient H.M. Can Teach Us about Memory and How It Works, by Donald G. MacKay

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Review

“An accessible and entertaining invitation to the science of memory through one of the most important case studies in the history of science.”   —Steven Pinker, Johnstone Professor of Psychology, Harvard University, and author of How the Mind Works and Enlightenment Now“A fascinating history of Donald G. MacKay’s studies of the famous patient Henry Molaison—how Molaison’s memory deficits impaired his ability to create flexible models of the external world, and how such models are essential to normal human consciousness.”    —Paul L. Nunez, PhD, neuroscientist, and author of The New Science of Consciousness: Exploring the Complexity of Brain, Mind, and Self    “Well-written and informative. . . .  MacKay deftly interweaves a new theory of hippocampal function with sound advice about how to care for your own brain as you age.”   —Dr. Douglas Hintzman, Professor Emeritus of Psychology at the University of Oregon“In Remembering, MacKay gifts us with some of the extraordinary and often surprising insights he gained during his decades of work with the amnesic Henry Molaison, the most important human research subject of all time. Parts of the book cast a skeptical light on some of the basic conclusions drawn from Molaison’s data while he was alive and while others raise troubling questions about the stewardship of that data since his death. Throughout the book, the reader is given not just a crash course in memory science but also practical lessons on how to apply what we’ve learned from Molaison to keep our own memories as fresh and vibrant and enduring as possible.” —Luke Dittrich, New York Times–bestselling author of Patient H.M. “A fascinating and highly readable account of the author’s firsthand study of Henry Molaison, whose damaged brain provided extraordinary contributions to fundamental knowledge of how the brain remembers. Using Molaison’s story as the framework, MacKay explains in detail how memory works, and offers extensive guidance for keeping it in good working order across one’s life span.” —James E. Alcock, PhD, professor of psychology, York University, and author of Belief“In this highly readable account of the amnesic patient Henry Molaison, MacKay describes how Molaison had language and other cognitive problems as well as his celebrated memory impairment. Using Molaison’s problems as a framework, MacKay provides a down-to-earth introduction to the study of memory, language and thinking, and their relations to brain processes. The book is enlivened by many personal anecdotes, yet it is also a serious introduction to the author’s ideas on remembering and related issues.”   —Fergus Craik, University Professor Emeritus, University of Toronto  “This thorough and engaging book shows how science and everyday life interact in both meaningful and mysterious ways. Henry Molaison’s amnesia provided researchers with a unique opportunity to uncover how memory and forgetting can define and challenge us all on a daily basis. Describing important scientific discoveries, along with insightful personal examples and practical tips, MacKay masterfully shows what can be learned from the trials and tribulations of a lifelong journey.”   —Alan D. Castel, professor of psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, and author of Better with Age: The Psychology of Successful Aging"MacKay is the ideal storyteller—colorful in writing style and brilliant in research, analysis, and evidence-based theory formulation—enabling the understanding how brain damage and normal aging affect memory and the application of new discoveries to keep your memory sharp.”   —Jim Geiwitz, author of Happiness: How to Achieve It, Why You Lose It, and Its Central Role in the Life Worth Living"A beautiful blend of storytelling and practical information. Memory is essential for many of the brain’s most important processes, so we all should pay more attention to it. To the rescue comes MacKay who explains in clear language how we remember the past and what we can do to help our brains stay healthy and sharp for as long as possible. Ignore this important book at your own peril.”   —Guy P. Harrison, author of At Least Know This and Good Thinking“This is a wonderfully approachable and refreshingly personal account of how fifty years of scientific detective work have changed how we should think about memory. MacKay makes a compelling case that the classic amnesic patient Henry Molaison did not have a ‘pure’ memory disorder. His hippocampal damage caused a general binding deficit that disrupted complex cognition across the board.”   —William Marslen-Wilson, professor of language and cognition, University of Cambridge

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About the Author

Donald G. MacKay, PhD, is currently a Professor Emeritus of Psychology at UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles), where he founded the UCLA Cognition and Aging Lab and co-directed the UCLA Language, Emotion and Memory Lab (LEMLAB). He has delivered over 200 invited talks around the world and has published over 145 scientific papers and two scholarly books on topics related to memory and the brain. His research at UCLA focused on the memory errors of older adults, undergraduates, and children in order to understand how memory, mind, and brain normally work. Beginning as a graduate student at MIT (the Massachusetts of Technology), Dr. MacKay analyzed the spectacular errors in speech, comprehension, and visual perception of the famous amnesia patient Henry Molaison in order to understand how damage to the hippocampus impairs the ability to learn new information and how normal people create new memories. To help future MDs gain insights into the unique needs of the older patients that will dominate their careers, Dr. MacKay recently organized a seminar on neurology, gerontology, and psychiatry for college graduates at Scripps College taking make-up courses needed for applying to medical school.

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Product details

Hardcover: 400 pages

Publisher: Prometheus Books (January 29, 2019)

Language: English

ISBN-10: 1633884074

ISBN-13: 978-1633884076

Product Dimensions:

6.3 x 1.3 x 9.3 inches

Shipping Weight: 1.3 pounds (View shipping rates and policies)

Average Customer Review:

5.0 out of 5 stars

5 customer reviews

Amazon Best Sellers Rank:

#853,129 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)

Remembering is a fascinating book about Henry Molaison , a tragic victim of medical malpractice, who lost his ability to form new memories through and ill-conceived medical procedure designed to treat his epilepsy. Nevertheless, Moliason was willing over the remaining 50 years of his life to be a subject of investigations by neuroscientists discovering foundational knowledge of how memories are formed and preserved. As someone who has fond attachment to his own powers of memory, I have always been fascinated by how memories are formed, and what we can do to maintain and perhaps enhance our ability to remember all the important things in our life. The author, Donald MacKay was one of a small handful of scientists to have been about to work with Moliason. Over decades of study, he designed clever, subtle tests that both measure how memories are formed, and inform us about how to protect this most skill that makes us human. I found the writing to be lively, easily accessible, and likely to be of interest to most of my friends. Thanks to MacKay, I now have a solution to the annual challenge of what to give this year as presents for birthdays and holidays. Jasper Rine

How an Amnesiac Can Help Preserve Our MemoryRemembering: What 50 Years of Research with Famous Amnesia Patient H. M. Can Teach us About Memory and How It Works is a gift – 50 years in the making. The gift-givers are UCLA Professor Emeritus of Psychology Donald MacKay and his research participant, Henry Molaison who volunteered in order to “help others.” Fifty years later, MacKay’s scientific insights garnered from a man who had part of his brain surgically removed and survived a bizarre life of present-tense living are a gift than any aging Baby Boomer concerned about preserving memory will enjoy – and likely remember – at least in parts.Henry’s story is sad -- a largely continuous spiral of atrophied memories and crippled verbal skills that began in 1953 and faded until his death in 2008. But, with this book, it is ultimately a triumph. The book doesn’t mention dementia, but that’s not Henry’s story. MacKay reveals what healthy brains can do to protect their memories over the years based on his work with Henry. As one of those aging Boomers myself, I was eager to learn the lessons – to tear open the gift that Henry offers all of us. MacKay writes that the most important lesson in preserving memories is to keep active – physically, emotionally, intellectually, socially – and the more often we interweave these various activities, the better. Do puzzles, read, engage in intellectual conversations, share opinions about movies, plays, books, the news. Practice expanding vocabulary in everyday life. Use uncommon words. So much of life is relearning concepts, ideas, and words that because of lack of use, or because of the natural aging process, we may have forgotten and want to re-ignite. MacKay shares an example of combining such activities in one of his favorite pastimes, hiking (physical) with friends (social) talking about engaging topics (intellectual). MacKay writes that exercise is the single most important activity we can do to preserve the myriad of memories in our minds.Henry could not re-learn, a process that most of us take for granted. Re-learning is the process that enables us to refresh our atrophied memories with the memories’ re-use. He lost his hippocampus that is responsible for new learning or relearning. It was surgically removed in 1953 at age 26 in order to prevent what were becoming life-threatening seizures. The seizures stopped. However, Henry could only recall and manipulate knowledge, facts, processes, and memories occurring prior to his surgery and could not manipulate and incorporate new information. It was as if he lived in a present tense, unable to create new memories. As memories of uncommon words he learned prior to his surgery faded, he could not relearn them. Henry’s vocabulary soon wilted, and he grew unable to conjoin thoughts into coherent sentences with freshness and novelty. His conversations were circular, vague, and simple, lacking rich, specific nouns and verbs. In fact, one of the challenges of reading Remembering was following and understanding Henry’s conversations – what MacKay characterizes being as interesting as “watching clouds.” Instead, with a normal hippocampus, we are free to reestablish the brain connections that may have atrophied with age and non-use – if we remain active. MacKay encourages us to work at or focus on remembering words, ideas, or concepts when they elude us, or analyze why our memory failed us at key moments (memory errors). For example, he discusses the “tip of the tongue” phenomenon and encourages us to persist when we can’t quite recall word(s) just at the tip of our tongue. He offers questions aimed at tapping into our network of associations to the forgotten word(s) and advice on what to do when a distracting word blocks our retention of that word on the tip of our tongue. MacKay writes that such mental gymnastics exercise our hippocampus and reignite memory. Don’t skip this vital workout. However, we may want to balance the social cost of overdoing a workout searching for a word during a happy hour conversation with an acquaintance.Another lesson or gift from Henry involves preventing an additional common embarrassing moment – when we can’t recall the name of someone, perhaps even someone close to us. Matching a face to a name is an ”arbitrary association” –- always a challenge for Henry and all of us. It also comes from MacKay’s research on Henry’s strange ability to remember new people’s names after his operation if he repeated the names a great deal -- Nixon, Kissinger, Vietnam -- all proper nouns that Henry’s retained brain parts somehow allowed him to recall. Perhaps new brain research will explain this odd ability. MacKay then discusses the baker/Baker paradox, a phenomenon that helps us remember people’s faces and names. We more naturally create visualizations for matching a person’s face to their professions and not so commonly for matching people’s faces to their names. MacKay then offers suggestions for remembering faces and names. A strategy that enabled him and all of his students to remember the correct pronunciation of each student’s first and last names and to identify each surname’s ethnic origin will likely stick in our long term memory.Henry’s “contract with science” offers us a final lesson: the importance of life purpose. MacKay’s testing indicated that Henry was borderline clinically depressed through most of his life after his surgery. MacKay speculates Henry’s life was likely “monotonous, meaningless and without purpose, but what made matters worse was the normal ways of achieving meaning through love, work, creativity, adventure and victory over adversity were unavailable to him” because of his operation. At the institution, Henry often acted out violently, had to be subdued, and was almost arrested for assault.However, when he regularly arrived at MIT to be tested, he was a model participant. McKay writes that Henry’s “contract with science” transformed him from a Mr. Hyde to a Dr. Jekyll. By working with scientists in the studies of his brain and behavior, Henry would “help other people” – a mission he deeply cherished. MacKay speculates that this contract sparked a sense of purpose in Henry’s life, giving him the positive momentum he desperately craved. MacKay then encourages us not to conduct a direct search into “what is my purpose in life,” as it could leave us “contemplating cosmic significance while doing nothing.” Instead, he suggests that we find ways to share knowledge, skills, passions with others to make a difference in the world, and he offers his own life example.Any student of memory, language or psychology will savor the scientific details and opinions that MacKay offers regarding the nature of scientific research. He is skeptical of hasty popular and scientific conclusions about Henry’s language skills and alleged sense of humor. These findings are biased by flawed research paradigms and an overdose of optimism about Henry’s capacities. They are not based on hard data. MacKay’s skepticism reaches into some applications of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), a common resource guide used in many psychologist’s offices. MacKay’s career and work with Henry also clashed with and challenged the brain-first paradigm of neuroscience, the dominant paradigm early in MacKay’s career. It asks what does brain damage predict about a patient’s mental capacities? Instead, MacKay champions the feat-first approach of using control groups first to help establish a baseline of how normal people’s mental capacities work on tests such as language use, spatial awareness, and memory and compare these measures with Henry’s results. This approach appears to me to produce findings that are more immediately applicable and useful to science and to patients.As a renown scientist, MacKay skillfully interweaves accessible academic prose and popular prose. Discussions of linguistics, grammar and neurophysiology twisted my frontal lobes. Just how does the brain enable or communicate a person’s linguistic and grammatical competency? This prose was challenging yet fascinating. Conversely, anecdotes inserted throughout the book, what MacKay calls “Reflection Boxes,” help readers apply the research in real-life, tangible ways.Remembering is structured in a way that easily makes it a gift that keeps on giving as we Boomers age. Chapters are short -- 5-8 pages. Questions for comprehension of key ideas include pages to find “the answers.” Other chapter-ending questions provoke reflections about personal application. The book has nearly 30 pages of footnotes, a 30 page index, and a timeline of MacKay’s work with Henry.Now what are those questions to help me remember that person’s name? I may not have used MacKay’s suggestions enough to keep those mental links active. But, with a healthy hippocampus, I can reopen my gift in the coming years, return to Remembering and relearn that – really fast!

This book provides excellent insights into the mind and tells fascinating tales of research!

Fifty years ago, a young man by the name of Henry Moliason was suffering from severe episodes of seizures due to epilepsy. With this occurring during the 1960s, we must remember that technology and scientific findings weren’t as advanced back then. In order to correct his life- threatening health issue, doctors recommended brain surgery as his only option. What seemed like a sure-thing to the doctors quickly turned into a major problem for Moliason. With a destroyed hippocampus from the procedure, he could no longer create or sustain new memories. From that point on, he became known as the infamous Patient H.M., and dedicated the rest of his life to helping others through extensive testing on his amnesia. While the normal human’s brain will start to slow-down and degrade as it ages, Moliason’s brain was showing this degradation at a radical speed. Thanks to his self-less act of goodwill towards his fellow man, the information we now have about the brain and its inner-workings can all be attributed to H.M.Author Donald G. Mackay, a researcher who worked with H.M. over the years, has provided the world with "Remembering", which provides us with information about H.M., as well as techniques to improve our own memory. Unlike Moliason, the common human may start to forget words, memories, or names due to lack of use or age, but we are able to relearn them, thus strengthening those connections in our brain. Mackay’s work in the research field, as well as his work with "Remembering" was written to inform many people about the importance of reading, staying active, and maintaining a balanced diet, which are all important means of sustaining a healthy and fully-functioning brain. I found this book to be very informative and worth the read for people of any age. Mackay did a fine job of not writing too intellectually for his audience, which sometimes professionals have a tendency of doing. I also loved the idea of including questions for reflection and for testing your memory (with page numbers for the answers) as another means of “exercising” your brain.

The brain matters. I always knew that, but thought understanding how was beyond my capability. I wasright, but, that said, I must admit this book hugely expanded my self-understanding and offered as wellsome science-backed ideas for improving what little remains of mine.

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